ഉപരിപഠനത്തിലും വൈവിധ്യം
sImtagvkn ¹kvSp Ignªv ]c ¼cmKX coXn bnepÅ _n cpZ tImgvkpIfpw \mep hÀj HmtWgvkv tImgvkpw ]©hÕc F F Â_n tIm gvkpsaÃmw hnZym ÀYnI sf Im¯ncn¡p¶p. A-Sp-¯-Im-e-¯m-bn tI-c-f-¯n- \m-ep hÀ-jw \o-WvSp \nÂ-Ip-¶ Hm-tW-gv-kv tIm-gv-kp-IÄ B-cw-`n-¨n-«p-WvSv. ]¯mw ¢mkn\p ti-jw Xp-SÀ ]T-\w \-S-¯m³ km-[n-¡m-¯-hÀ-¡v kvtImÄ tI-c-f-bp-sS Io-gn \-S-¯-p-¶ +2 X-¯p-Ãy tIm-gv-kp-IÄ ]m-km-b ti-jw _ncpZ tImgvkpIÄ¡p tN-cm-w.- +2 ]T-\w ]m-Xn-h-gn-bn \nÀ-¯n-b-hÀ-¡v I-cn-bÀ sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯m-\pw \n-e-hn tI-c-f-¯n km-l-N-cy-§Ä D-WvSv. C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-hÀ-¡v Im-en-¡«v kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS Hm-¸¬ Un-{Kn t\-Smw. 18 h-b-kv Xn-I-b-pIbpw H-_v-P-Iv-So-hv am-Xr-I-bn-ep-Å H-cp {]-th-i-\ ]-co-£ ]m-km-IpIbpw th-Ww.

F-gp-¯pw hm-b-\-bpw A-dn-bp-¶ BÀ-¡pw _n-cp-Z-[m-cn B-hm-\p-Å A-h-k-c-am-Wv C-µn-cm-Km-Ôn \m-j-W Hm-¸¬ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än Hcp¡p¶-Xv. C-tám-bp-sS C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v tN-cp-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v X-s¶ {_n-Uv-Pv (F³-{Sn se-hÂ) tIm-gv-kv ]m-km-I-Ww. Bdp am-k-w Im-em-h-[n-bp-Å cWvSp hn-j-b-§Ä am-{Xw A-S-§n-b tIm-gv-km-Wn-Xv. H-cmÄ Cu tIm-gv-kn-\v tNÀ-¶v Bdp am-k-¯n-\-Iw ]-co-£ F-gp-Xmw. ]-t£ ]-c-am-h-[n cWvSp hÀ-j-¯n-\-Iw Cu tIm-gv-kv ]qÀ¯nbm¡Ww. AXn\p ti-jw C-tám-bp-sS _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v tN-cm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. {]n¸tdädn tIm-gv-kv ]m-km-b-- C¯c¡mÀ-¡v C-tám-bp-sS _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v am-{X-ta tN-cm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bp-Åp.

¹-kv-Sp hn-\v ti-jw kn]nSn F-gp-Xn knF CâÀ-ao-Un-b-äv ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v Ctámbp-sS _n-cp-Z t{]m-{Km-an-\v (_ntImw A¡u-WvSâv & ^n-\m³jÂ) tN-cp-I-bm-sW-¦n CâÀ-ao-Un-b-äv ]qÀ-¯n-I-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w _ntImw Iq-Sn e-`n-¡pw. tImgvknsâ ]mÀ«v þ_n, knF CâÀaoUnbäv t]¸dpIfmbXn\m AXp ]mkmbhÀ¡pw ]mÀ«v F am{Xw FgpXn CtámbpsS _ntImw t\Smw. _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v ti-jw kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-bn A¡u-WvSâv, ^n-\m³-kv am-t\-PÀ F-¶o X-kv-X-I-bn-tem k-am-\ co-Xn-bn-ep-Å X-kv-Xn-I-bn-tem H-«-t\-Iw sXm-gn A-h-k-c-§fpWvSv.

_ntImw _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v ti-jw tI-c-f K-h¬-saâv \n-b-{´-W-¯n Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-Å Kpem¯n C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v ^n\m³kv B³Uv SmIvtkj³ (Kn-^v-äv) \-S-¯p-¶ G-I-hÀ-j tIm-gv-km-b t]mÌv {KmtPzäv Unt¹ma C³ UbdÎv SmIvkv (]nPnUnSn) A-sÃ-¦n Bdp am-k-s¯ tIm-gv-km-b Unt¹ma C³ skbnÂkv SmIvkv (UnF-kvSn) A-Xp-a-sÃ-¦n dq-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-kv Cu A-Sp-¯ Im-e-¯m-bn B-cw-`n-¨ UnF-kv--Sn-]n (Unt¹ma C³ skbnÂkv SmIvkv {]mÎokkv) Xp-S-§n-b tIm-gv-kp-IÄ ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xv A¡u-WvSnw-Kv, sk-bnÂ-kv Sm-Iv-kv Xp-S-§n-b ta-J-e-I-fn Iq-Sp-X ]-cn-Úm-\w e-`n-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¡pw. IqSmsX _ntImw FÂFÂ_n, _n_nF FÂFÂ_n tImgvkpIÄ¡pw hnZymÀYnIÄ¡p ¹kvSp Ignªp tNcmhpw.

]-©-h-Õ-c t{]m-{Km-ap-IÄ H-cmÄ ]qÀ-¯o-bm-¡nbm bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än _n-cp-Z-¯n-\v ]p-d-sa \nba _n-cp-Z-hpw Iq-Sn e-`n-¡p-¶p F-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xn-sâ {]-tXy-I-X. Ip-km-äv skâ-dn _n_nF FÂFÂ-_n am-{X-ta e-`y-ap-Åp. (sImtagvkv hnZymÀYnIÄ¡v sXmgn km[yX GsdbpÅ A\p_Ô tImgvkpIsf¡pdn¨v ASp¯ BgvN).

kn. ap-l-½-Zv km-en-lv
(AknÌâv {]^kÀ,
kÀ- k-¿n-Zv tIm-f-Pv, Xfn¸d¼v)