sslsSIv Irjn hnhmZ§fpw bmYmÀYy§fpw

kn. Fkv. kptcjv

]¨¡dnIfnse hnjmwiw

cmkhfw {]tbmKn¨m ]¨¡dnIfn hnjmwiw DWvSmIptam? ssPhsam cmksam F¶ t`ZanÃmsX aqeI AtbmWpIÄ BKocWw sN¿p¶ ]¨¡dnIfn FhnsS\n¶mWv hnjmwiw IS¶phcp¶Xv? cmkhf{]tbmK¯neqsS DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶ ]¨¡dnIfn hnjmwiw DWvSmIpsa¶ sXän²mcW \½psS \m«n \ne\n¡p¶pWvSv. ]¨¡dnIfn hnj_m[bpWvSmIp¶Xv IoS\min\n {]tbmK¯neqsSbmWv. IÀjIsâ lcnXkz]v\§sf XIÀs¯dnbp¶ \nch[n IoS§sf \in¸n¡m³ ]pIbne¡jmbhpw ]gs¡Wnbpw A]cym]vXambn hcp¶ kab¯v IÀjI\v cmkIoS\min\nIsf B{ibnt¡WvSnhcmdpWvSv. C¡mcy¯n Xangsâ am\knImhØ asäm¶mWv AhcpsS ]¨¡dn Xn¶p¶Xv aebmfnbmWtÃm AXpsImWvSv ]¨¡dnIfnse hnj{]tbmK¯n AhÀ anXXzw ]men¡Wsa¶nÃ.

tIcf¯nse Irjn¡mÀ¡v asämcp [mcWbpWvSv. cmkhfsa¶m bqdnb BsW¶pw AXnsâ {]tbmK¯neqsS H«pw kzmZnÃm¯ ]¨¡fnIfmWv e`n¡p¶sX¶pw Nne BfpIÄ [cn¨ncn¡p¶p. temIw apgph³ ImÀjnIcwK¯v ]pXnb kmt¦XnIhnZyIÄ {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ tIcfw hoWvSpw Häs¸«pt]mIm³ hgnsbmcp¡p¶ Hcp sXän[mcWbmWnXv. cmkhf§Ä {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv IrXyamb Afhnepw ImÀjnI hnZKv[cpsS \nÀt±i§Ä ]men¨pambncn¡Ww. A§s\bpÅ cmkhf {]tbmK¯neqsS e`n¡p¶ ]¨¡dnIÄ¡v NmWIhpw tKmaq{Xhpw ]¨nehf§fpw D]tbmKn¨v IrjnsN¿p¶ ]¨¡dnItf¡mfpw kzmZv H«pw IpdbpIbnÃ. a®pw ssPhhf§fpw D]tbmKn¡msX ]¨¡dnIrjn \S¯n {]mtbmKnIA\p`hapÅbmWmWv CsXgpXp¶Xv.

a®nÃmsX Irjn sN¿pI

a®nÃmsX IrjnsN¿mtam F¶v a\pjy³ Nn´n¨Xv 17þmw \qämWvSnembncp¶p. sslt{Um t]mWnIvkv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Cu Irjnk{¼Zmb¯n\v 1865  cWvSv PÀa³ Irjnimkv{XÚcmWv cq]w \ÂInbXv. t]mjIKpW§fpÅ emb\nIfn kky§Ä hfÀ¯p¶ coXnbmWv BZyw IWvSp]nSn¡s¸«Xv. ]n¶oSv emb\n¡p]Icw \nÀhocyamb JchkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¡phm³ XpS§n. s]Àsseäv, tdm¡vhqÄ, ]oävtamkv apXemb ssPhhkvXp¡fmWv BZyIme§fn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. thcpIÄ ]Scphm³ ]cym]vXamb AfhnemWv taÂhnhcn¨ ssPh hkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. h³tXmXn ]q¡fpw ]¨¡dnIfpw IrjnsN¿phm\mbn {Ko³ lukpIÄ \nehn h¶tXmsS a®nÃm¯ C¯cw ImÀjnI coXn¡p bqtdm¸n h³ {]Nmcw e`n¡pIbpWvSmbn. sIms¡m]n¯v AYhm NIncnt¨mÀ {Ko³lukpIÄ D]tbmKn¡phm³ XpS§nbtXmsS {ioe¦, C´y apXemb cmPy§fn D]tbmKanÃmsX InS¶ncp¶ Zie£¡W¡n\p S¬ NIncnt¨mdmWv bqtdm¸nte¡pw Atacn¡bnte¡pw C{ktbentebv¡pw Hmkvt{Senbbnte¡pw IbäpaXn sN¿s¸«Xv. Ignª hÀjw C´ybn \n¶v Hcp e£¯nsXm®pdmbncw S¬ NIncnt¨mdmWv IbäpaXn sN¿s¸«Xv. C¯cw ImÀjnIcoXn¡v ssPhhf§Ä {]mtbmKnIaÃ.

{Ko³ lukpIÄ

bqtdm¸nepw djybnepw {Ko³ lukpIfnemWv Irjn. AhnS§fnse {]tXyI ImemhØbn {Ko³lukpIÄ¡v IqSpX {]m[m\yapWvSv. ssiXyIme¯v s]mXpsh bqtdm¸nepw djybnepw ]¨¡dnIÄ¡pw ]q¡Ä¡pw hne IqSpXemWv. ssa\kv 15 apX ssa\kv 35 hscsbms¡ Xm]\ne Xmgv¶pt]mImdpÅ \hw_À, Unkw_À, P\phcn amk§fn `qanbn ]pÃpt]mepw InfnÀ¡mdnÃ. C§s\bpÅ {]XnIqe kmlNcy§fnemWv {Ko³ lukpIfpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ[n¡p¶Xv. A´co£Xm]\ne Xmgpt¼mgpw {Ko³ lukn\pÅnse Xm]\ne sNSn¡v A\ptbmPyamb Xc¯n {IaoIcn¨p \nÀ¯phm³ Ignbp¶ loänwKv hyhØIÄ, {]Imi ZuÀe`yw t\cnSp¶ ssiXyIme§fn sNSnbpsS {]Imi kwtÇjW¯n\v A\ptbmPyamb sseäpIÄ, kqcy{]Imi¯nsâ Xo{hX IqSp¶ \mfpIfn AÄ{Smhbeäv civanIsf `mKnIambn XSbp¶ kwhn[m\§Ä, sNSnbpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v Bhiyamb. t]mjI§Ä {Un¸v CdntKj³hgn e`yam¡pIþ XpS§n Ht«sd Imcy§fpsS \nb{´W¯n\v {Ko³ lukn kwhn[m\§fpWvSv. ssiXy cmPy§fnse {Ko³ lukpIÄ hfsc sNethdnb kwhn[m\§fpÅhbmWv.

]¯v apX Adp]Xv G¡À hsc hnkvXrXnbpÅ {Ko³ lukpIfn a®nepwa®nÃmsXbpw IrjnsN¿p¶ coXn AhnsS km[mcWamWv. ssiXyIme¯v bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnse ]¨¡dnIfptSbpw ]q¡fptSbpw DXv]mZ\w apgph\mbn Xs¶ {Ko³luknemWv \S¶phcp¶Xv. Ipd¨p hÀj§fnembn bqtdm¸nepw Atacn¡bnepw Hmkvt{Senbbnepw {Ko³lukpIÄ hÀ[n¨p hcpIbmWv. a®nÃm¯ IrjnbnS§fn sNSnIÄ hfcp¶Xv t{Km _mKpIfnemWv.

t{Km _mKpIÄ

{Ko³ lukpIfn a®nÃmsX Irjn sN¿p¶Xn\mWv t{Km _mKpIÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ¹mÌnIv _mKpIfn NIncnt¨mdpw NmWIs¸mSnbpw \nd¨ph¨m t{Km_mKv BIpsa¶v tIcf¯nse NneÀ A_²[mcW krjvSn¨n«pWvSv. {Ko³lukpIfnse Irjnbv¡v D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv \nÀ±njvS am\Zާġ\pkrXambn cq]I¸\ sNbvX t{Km _mKpIfmWv. ChbpsS IhdpIÄ 300 apX 400 hsc ssat{Im¬ I«nbpÅ {]tXyI ¹mÌnIv sImWvSmWv \nÀan¡p¶Xv. Chbv¡v sNSnbpsS thcpIsf AÄ{Smhbeäv hnIncW§fn \n¶p kwc£n¡phm³ thWvS {IaoIcWhpapWvSv. Ihdn\pÅn Hmtcm hnfbv¡pw \nÀt±in¡s¸«n«pÅ am\Zާġv A\pkrXambn IrXyamb Afhn NIncnt¨mdpw aäp \nÀhocyssPhhkvXp¡fpw AS§nb Ém_pIÄ AS¡wsNbvXncn¡p¶p.

CXn\pthWvSn D]tbmKn¡p¶ NIncnt¨mÀ hnfIÄ¡v A\ptbmPyamb Xc¯n ]mIs¸Sp¯nbhbmbncn¡Ww. Hmtcm t{Km _mKn\pw ¹mâv tlmÄ, s{Ubnt\PvtlmÄ F¶n§s\ cWvSpXcw Zzmc§Ä DWvSmhpw bqtdm¸nepw aäp hntZicmPy§fnepw \S¶ XpSÀ¨bmb KthjW§fpsS ^eambmWv Hmtcm hnfbv¡pw Bhiyamb t{Km _mKpIfpsS hym]vXw \nÀ®bn¡s¸«n«pÅXv. DZmlcW¯n\v X¡mfn¡v 20 enädnsâ _mKpIÄ, shÅcn¡v 24 enädnsâ _mKpIÄ F¶n§s\. Hcp aoäÀ \of¯n \nÀ½n¡p¶ _mKpIfpsS hoXnbpw Dbchpw {IaoIcn¨mWv hym]vX¯n hyXym kw hcp¯p¶Xv. Hmtcm Xcw hnfIfptSbpw thcpIÄ¡v ]Scp¶Xn\pw sNSn¡v Bhiyamb aqeI§Ä hens¨Sp¡p¶Xn\pw A\ptbmPyhpamb Xc¯nemWv Ch Xbmdm¡p¶Xv.

t{Km _mKpIfn shÅsamgn¨v ({Un¸dpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v) AXnsâ ]qÀ® hen¸¯n F¯n¨tijw AXn sNSnIÄ \Sp¶p. sNSnIfpsS {]mbw IW¡nseSp¯v Hmtcm _mKnepw Znhtk\ sImSpt¡WvS shůnsâ Afhpw hf¯nsâ Afhpw \nÀ®bn¡p¶p. Znhtk\ hfsc Ipdª Afhn sNSnIÄ¡v sImSp¡p¶ shůn ebn¸n¨ hf§Ä Hcp XpÅnt]mepw \jvSs¸SmsX sNSnIÄ¡v BKncWw sN¿m³ Ignbp¶p.

t{Km _mKnse Irjn

sNSnIÄ \Sp¶Xn\p ap³]pXs¶ _mKn Bhiy¯n\v Pew Hgn¨psImSp¡p¶p. NIncnt¨mdn\v (sIms¡m]n¯v) AXnsâ `mc¯nsâ A©nc«n Pew BKncWw sN¿m\pÅ IgnhpWvSv. ]n¶oSv sNSn¡v A\ptbmPyamb ehW§Ä AsbmWoIcn¨v \nÀ±njvS KmVXbnepÅ emb\nbmbn Znhkhpw sNSnIÄ¡p \ÂIpw. Hmtcm hnfbv¡pw F{Xt¯mfw Pemwiw Znhtk\ BhiyaptWvSm A{Xam{Xw emb\nIÄ {Un¸dpIÄ hgn \ÂIp¶p.

sNehpIpdª {Ko³ lukpIÄ

tIcf¯nse `qcn]£amfpIfpw [cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv Hcp ]¨s\äpsI«n Irjn sNbvXm {Ko³ lukv Bhpsa¶mWv. CXp sXämWv. {Ko³ lukpIÄ F¶XpsImWvSv AÀ°am¡p¶Xv AÄ{Smhbeäv civanIsf \nb{´n¡m³ IgnhpÅ, I«nbpÅ ¹mÌnIv joäptaª IrjnbnS§fmWv. IoS§Ä¡v IS¶phcm³ Ignbm¯ s\äpIÄ sImWvSmWv {Ko³luknsâ ]mÀiz§Ä adbv¡p¶Xv. tIcf¯nse ImemhØbpsS {]tXyIX ssiXyImew Cà F¶XpXs¶bmWv. {Ko³ lukpIÄ XmcXtay\ sNehpIpdª coXnbn \nÀan¡phm³ klmbn¡p¶ {][m\ LSIhpw CXp Xs¶. G{]nÂþtabv amk§fnse th\ÂNqSpam{XamWv \ap¡v Aev]w tamiamb Imew. tIcf¯nse {Ko³ lukpIÄ¡v loänwKnt\m ioXoIcW¯nt\m sNehpIqSnb amÀ¤§sfm¶pw kzoIcnt¡WvSXnà F¶XmWv CXnsâ {][m\ t\«w. kzm`mhnIamb, \à hmbpk©mcw e`n¡p¶ \nÀ½mWcoXnIÄ am{Xw Ahew_n¨m tIcf¯n {Ko³lukv Irjnk{¼Zmbw {]mtbmKnIamWv. Hcp ap³IcpX F¶ \nebn ao\¨qSn \n¶p kky§sf kwc£n¡m³ {Ko³luknsâ hen¸a\pkcn¨v Ipd¨p t^mKdpIÄ Øm]n¡p¶Xp \ÃXmWv. F¶m FÃm hnfIÄ¡pw t^mKdpIÄ D]tbmKn¨pIqSm.

(XpScpw)