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s\Ãv hnfbn¡m³ IgnbmsX s\Ãd |
Imhmew hS¡³ shfnb\mSv Ipdp¸ticn a¯mbn tZhky F¶ sN¡À tZhkym¡v 95 hbkmbn. At±lw Ct¸mgpw AdnbmsX aqfp¶Xp sImbv¯p]m«pw N{IwNhn«p]m«pw. Ip«\mSns\ sXm«dnª ]gbIme IÀjI³. th¼\m«p ImbenÂ\n¶p ]mS§Ä Ip¯nsbSp¯ apcn¡pwaq«n HuX¨³ F¶ apcn¡sâ hewssI. shÅs¡«n sX§n³IpänIÄ Is®¯mZqct¯mfw Xmgv¯n sNäbnd¡n I«bpw Nhdpan«p _WvSpWvSm¡nb t]mcmfn. N{IwNhn«n shÅw hän¨p IrjnbnSapWvSm¡nb Ip«\mS³ Icp¯nsâ Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ {]Xn\n[n. Ing¡³ \mSpIfnÂ\n¶p henb hŧfn Icn¦Ãpw sN½®pw Cd¡n _WvSpd¸n¨ kmlknI³. Imben\v AXncn«p sI«ns¸m¡nb _WvSpIfpsS kpc£nXXzw Dd¸m¡m³ Hmf§sf Iodnapdn¨p hůnepw t_m«nepw k©cn¨ IÀjIhoc³. A¡me¯v hnXbv¡m\pw If]dn¡m\pw ]dn¨p\Sm\pw sIm¿m\pw \m«pImÀs¡m¸w Zqsc Zn¡pIfnÂ\n¶p sXmgnemfnIsf¯nbncp¶p. ]Wn¡mbn hoSphn«nd§nbm ]ns¶ AhcpsS aS¡w amk§Ä Ignªmhpw. Zqsc\ns¶¯nbncp¶hÀ ]mShc¼pIfnÂXs¶ A´nbpd§n. IpªpIp«nIfpw H¸apWvSmIpw. hbv]pw IpSnbpw AhnsS¯s¶. ]mS¯nsâ ]pdw_WvSpIfn sXt§mesImWvSpsI«nb henb sjÍpIfnemWv (]´) AhÀ Ignªncp¶Xv.
Zmcn{Zyhpw ]«nWnbpw hym]Iambncp¶ Imew. sImbv¯pw saXnbpw AhÀ BtLmjam¡n. ]Xambn (Iqen) In«nb s\Ãv Xebn Npa¶p ]mShc¼neqsS \S¶p\o§p¶ sXmgnemfnIpSpw_§Ä Ip«\mSnsâ ]Xnhp ImgvNbmbncp¶p. IÀjI\pw sXmgnemfnbpw X½nepÅ CgbSp¸w hfsc hepXpw. Irjnsbbpw IrjnbnS§sfbpw kvt\ln¨ a\pjycpsS Akm[mcW klhÀ¯nXz¯nsâ IYbmWp Ip«\mSntâXv.
F¶mÂ, C¶v FÃmw amdnadnªncn¡p¶p. P\§fpsS PohnX\nehmcw DbÀ¶p. PohnXcoXn amdn. Ip«\mS³ BhmkhyhØ XmfwsXän. AanX emt`ÑtbmsS a\pjy³ \S¯nb IS¶pIbä¯ns\Xntc {]IrXn {]Xntj[n¨pXpS§n. hnjen]vXamb hmbphpw shÅhpw a®pw Ip«\mS³ P\XbpsS Dd¡w sISp¯p¶p. ]mc¼cyambn¡n«nbXpw kz´ambpWvSmbncp¶Xpw \jvSs¸«p. A{]Xo£nXambpWvSmIp¶ t]amcnbpw shÅs¸m¡hpw HmcpshÅw Ibdepw ISp¯ hcĨbpw Irjn\mihpw ]Xnhmbn. amdmtcmK§fpw ]oUIfpw {KmaoWPohnX¯nsâ kzØX sISp¯p¶p. acW`oXnbnemWp tIcf¯nsâ s\Ãd F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Ip«\mSv.
aq¶p PnÃIÄ¡p kz´w
Be¸pg, tIm«bw, ]¯\wXn« PnÃIfnembn InS¡p¶ 87,000 slIvSÀ `q{]tZiamWp Ip«\mSv. 64 {Kma]©mb¯pIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ CXnsâ `qcn`mKhpw kap{Z\nc¸nÂ\n¶p 0.5 apX aq¶p aoäÀhsc Xmsg¡nS¡p¶p. ImbenÂ\n¶p kmlknIcmb IÀjIÀ Ip¯nsbSp¯XpsImWvSmImw CXn\p Ip«\mSv F¶p t]cph¶Xv. ChnSw tLmch\ambncps¶¶pw Xo]nSn¯¯n FÃmw Np«pNm¼emsb¶pw sFXnlyapWvSv. Np«\mSv Ime{ItaW Ip«\mSv Bbt{X. ]¼, A¨³tImhnÂ, aWnae, ao\¨nÂ, aphmäp]pg F¶o A©p \ZnIfmWp Ip«\mSnsâ hncnamdneqsS HgpIn th¼\m«pImben ]Xn¡p¶Xv. {]XnhÀjw 1,600 tImSn Iyp_nIv aoäÀ shÅw Cu \ZnIfneqsS HgpInsb¯p¶p. Ing¡³ ae\ncIfnÂ\n¶v DXv`hn¡p¶ \ZnIÄ ag¡me¯p sImWvSphcp¶ F¡Âa®psImWvSmWp a\pjy³ Ip«\m«n IrjnbnS§fpWvSm¡nbXv. Imben\p Npäpw _WvSv \nÀan¨p kmlknIcmb IÀjIÀ Ip¯nsbSp¯ sNdpXpw hepXpamb Aªqdntesd ]mStiJc§Ä ChnsSbpWvSv. AXnsâ sam¯w hkvXrXn 33,000 slIvSÀ hcpw. P\§Ä hoSph¨p Xmakn¡p¶Xn\pw aäpw D]tbmKn¡p¶ Ic{]tZi§Ä 30,000 slIvStdmfapWvSv.
aq¶p Xcw ]mStiJc§Ä
Imb \ne§Ä, Icn\ne§Ä, Ic\ne§Ä F¶n§s\ aq¶p hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶hbmWp Ip«\mS³ ]mStiJc§Ä. ImbenÂ\n¶p Ip¯nsbSp¯ IrjnbnSamWp Imb \ne§Ä. F apX Sn hscbpÅ t»m¡pIfnse 32 ]mStiJc§Ä CXnÂs¸Spw. kap{Z\nc¸n \n¶v 0.5 apX cWvSc aoäÀhsc XmsgbmWp Imb \ne§fpsS InS¸v.
A¾mwiw Asæn ]pfn IqSpXepÅ {]tZi§fmWp Icn\ne§Ä. Icphmä, IcpamSn, XIgn, Ipamc]pcw hntÃPpIfnÂs¸Sp¶ 5,257 G¡tdmfw {]tZi§Ä CXn DÄs¸Spw. ]gbIme¯v Cu {]tZiw h\ambncps¶¶pw ISÂIbä¯ntem `qanIpep¡¯ntem s]«v AhsbÃmw a®n\SnbnembXmsW¶pw IcpXp¶p. ChnsS a®p Ipgn¨psN¶m Icn¯SnIÄ [mcmfw ImWmw. Icn¯SnIfn \n¶mWp ]pfn CfIn hcp¶Xv. th\en Cu a®v DW§n s]mSnbpw.
IctbmSp tNÀ¶p InS¡p¶ {]tZi§fmWp Ic\ne§Ä. \ndsªmgpIp¶ ]pgIÄ IctbmSp tNÀ¶p \nt£]n¡p¶ F¡epw sNfnbpw IÀjIÀ ]n¶oSv Irjn`qanbm¡n amänsbSp¯p. X§fpsS ]pcbnSt¯mSp tNÀ¶p ]pgtbmc¯v ASnªpIqSnb F¡Â \jvSs¸SmsX sX§n³IpänIfpw sNäbpw Cd¡n IÀjIÀ kwc£n¨p\nÀ¯n. Hmtcm shÅs¸m¡¯nepw IqSpX IqSpX F¡Â ]pg AhnsS \nt£]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. {]IrXnbpsS \nt£]¯n a\pjysâ hnbÀ¸pIqSn hoWtXmsS AhsbÃmw H¶m´cw s\ÂhbepIfmbn amdn.
Imbens\ tXmev]n¨ Icp¯v
Imb hfs¨Sp¯p shÅwhän¨p `qan IsWvSSp¯p Irjnbnd¡m\pÅ kmlknI kwcw`¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv 1834þ Nmebn Cchn tIih¸Wn¡cmWv. tN¶¦cn ]pgbpsS ImbÂapJ¯v ]pgbpsS KXnamän Ip¯nsbSp¯ Bäpap«pImb Ip«\mS³ s\ÂIrjn hnIk\¯nse BZykwcw`ambn IcpXs¸Sp¶p. ]n¡me¯v IÀjI {]amWnbpw Imb cmPmhpambn Adnbs¸« apcn¡³ HuX¨³ 600 G¡À hoXw hcp¶ dmWn, Nn¯nc, amÀ¯mÞw ImbepIÄ Häbv¡p Ip¯nsbSp¯p Ncn{Xw krjvSn¨p. AXphsc Imb \ne§Ä Ip¯nsbSp¯ncp¶Xp {]apJ IÀjI IpSpw_§Ä kwbpàambn«mbncp¶p. Ip«\mS³ s\ÂIrjn¡p ]pXpNcn{XsagpXnb IpSpw_§Ä \nch[nbpWvSv. Imhmew Nmebn ]Wn¡·mÀ, N¼¡pfw Ipcymfticn, Ihebv¡³, am¼pg¡cn, Icnthen¯d, ]pfn¦p¶v ]gb]d¼v, ]pcbv¡Â, hm¨m]d¼nÂ, F«p]d, ImWn¡³, ssI\Icn Imfmticn XpS§nb IpSpw_§sf ad¡m\mhnÃ.
A]qÀh s\ÂIrjn taJe
Imbepw ISepw \ZnIfpw X½n _Ô apÅ temI¯nse A]qÀh s\ÂIrjntaJebmWp Ip«\mSv. Imbent\mSp tNÀ¶p InS¡p¶ Cu {]tZi¯nsâ ]cnØnXn \nb{´n¡p¶Xv Ad_n¡Sepw kly]ÀhX¯nÂ\n¶v DZv`hn¡p¶ \ZnIfpamWv. ag¡me¯v ip²Pe XSmIamIp¶ th¼\m«p Imb th\¡me¯v D¸pshÅamIpw. thentbähpw thenbnd¡hpw Ip«\mSnsâ A\p{KlamWv. Ip«\mSns\ IgpIn ip²nbm¡p¶ {]{InbbmWXv.
{]IrXn¡nW§nb ]c¼cmKX IrjncoXnbmWp Ip«\m«nepWvSmbncp¶Xv. shÅs¸m¡s¯bpw HmcpshÅs¯bpw sNdp¡m³tijnbpÅ \membnct¯mfw s\Âhn¯n\§Ä ChnSpWvSmbncp¶p. HmcpshÅs¯ {]Xntcm[n¨p hfcp¶ s]m¡mfn Ahbn {][m\s¸«XmWv. ImemhØm hyXnbm\¯n ISÂPew DbÀ ¶p ]mS§fn D¸pshÅw Ibdnbm hn Xbv¡m³ ]änb s\Âhn¯n\ambn s]m¡m fnsb temIcmjv{S§Ä AwKoIcn¨pIgn ªp. DXv]mZ\tijn Ipdhmbncps¶¦nepw \nÝnX hnfhv Dd¸mbpw \ÂInbncp¶ A ¯cw 10 C\§Ät]mepw Ct¸mgnÃ.
]gbIme¯v H¶nShn« hÀj§fntem cWvSp hÀj¯nsemcn¡tem Bbncp¶p Irjn. ImehÀjhpw XpemhÀjhpw s]bvsXmgnªtijw kqcy{]Imitasd e`n¡p¶ HIvtSm_Àþ \hw_À amk§fn Irjnbnd¡n s^{_phcnþ amÀ¨v amk¯n sImbvsXSp¡p¶Xmbncp¶p coXn. hnfshSp¸v Ignªm ]mStiJc§fn shÅw Ibäpw. sImbvsXSp¯ s\Âs¨SnIfpsS NphSpIfpw IfIfpw shůn Noªv a®n AenªptNcpw. shÅs¸m¡¯n HgpInsb¯p¶ F¡Âa®v ]mStiJc§fn ASnªp IqSp¶tXmsS Ip«\mS³ ]mStiJc§Ä ^e`qbnjvTamIpw.
Xmdmhpw ao\pw I¶pImenbpw
ao³]nSn¯hpw Xmdmhv Irjnbpw I¶pImen hfÀ¯epw Ip«\m«pImÀ¡p {]nbs¸«Xmbncp¶p. ChnSs¯ Xmdmhpw Icn ao\pw sIm©pw aª¡qcnbpw {]kn²amWv. Huj[KpWapÅ ]mep\ÂIp¶ sh¨qÀ ]ip¡fpw [mcmfapWvSmbncp¶p. ]pÃphfÀ¶p InS¶ncp¶ ]mShc¼pIfneqsS tabp¶ sh¨qÀ ]ip¡Ä Ip«\mSnsâ AgImbncp¶p. I«bpw sNfnbpw D]tbmKn¨p \nÀan¨ ]pdw_WvSpIfn hfÀ¯nbncp¶ ssIXbpw ]cp¯nbpw cma¨hpw aªapfbpw _WvSpIÄ¡p _ew \ÂInbncp¶Xns\m¸w AhbpsS XW aÕy§fpsS Xmhfhpambncp¶p. shÅw Ibdn¡nS¡p¶ ]mStiJc§fnemWp Xmdmhp Irjn \S¯n bncp¶Xv. Nmc, sN¼Ãn C\§fnÂs¸« Ip«\mS³ XmdmhpIÄ {]kn²amWv.
C§s\ {]IrXn Hcp¡nb BhmkhyhØsb sXÃpw Atemkcs¸Sp¯msX kz´amb PohnX{Iaw Nn«s¸Sp¯nb “\m«nÂ, hnIk\¯nsâ t]cn a\pjy³ \S¯nb CSs]SepIÄ Ip«\mSnsâ PohnXXmfw sXän¨p.
(AtX¡pdn¨p \msf)
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| Npäpw shÅw, IpSn¡m³ XpÅnbnà |  Ip«\m«nse ip²Pe ZuÀe`y¯nsâ bYmÀY CcIfnsemcmfmWp ssI\Icn Adp¶qäpw]mSw IqS¸pd¯p tSmw tPmk^v. sNdphůn Ie§fpw IpS§fpw _¡äpIfpw h¨p ]¼bmäneqsS ss]¸n³ NphSpIfnte¡p Xpgªpt]mIp¶ At\Icn HcmÄ. Sm¸neqsS shÅw | |
| | Ip«\m«pImsc tamln¸n¨ ]mt¡Pv |  2010 sk]väw_À A©v, B Znhkw Ip«\m«pImÀ ad¡nÃ. Be¸pg as¦m¼v an\n knhn tÌj\nte¡p ImteIq«n Ahsc¯n. DÕhOmbbnembncp¶p \mSv. ka{KhnIk\w e£yanSp¶ Ip«\mSv ]mt¡Pnsâ DZvLmS\w t\cn ImWm\pÅ Bthi¯nembncp¶p AhÀ. X | |
| | s\©pXIcp¶ BÀþt»m¡v ImgvN |  a\pjysâ _p²nssh`h¯n th¼\m«pImben hncnª AZv`pXamWv BÀþt»m¡v. 1932 ImbenÂ\n¶p Ip¯nsbSp¯ 1,450 G¡À. DSaIfmbn 625 Irjn¡mÀ. C¶Xnsâ InS¸pIWvSm s\©p XIcpw. sX§pIsfÃmw aWvSt]mbn XqWpt]msebmWp \n¡p¶Xv. am | |
| | Irjn A`nam\w, ]t£ kao]\w amdWw |  Ip«\m«pImÀ¡p Irjn A`nam\amWv. `qan XcninSp¶Xv A]am\hpw. Irjnbn F{X \jvSapWvSmbmepw AhÀ Imcyam¡nÃ. C\n Irjn¡nsöp ]dªp ]mS¯p\n¶p Ibdp¶h³ kabamIpt¼mÄ hoWvSpsa¯pw. _m¦n \n¶p tem¬ In«nbnæn t»UpImcn \ | |
| | Ip«\mSnsâ apJOmb amänb Fkn tdmUv |  XncpþsIm¨n kwØm\¯p kn. tIih³ apJya{´nbmbncn¡p¶ Imew. sI.Fw. tImcbmbncp¶p Ip«\mSv DÄs¸Sp¶ N§\mticn \ntbmPIaÞe¯nsâ {]Xn\n[n. `£yþ Irjn hIp¸v ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶ a{´nbpw At±lambncp¶p. Ip«\mS³ IÀjIsâ thZ\I | |
| | {]IrXnsb IogS¡m³ {ian¨p; Xncn¨Sn In«n |  1940Ifn \m«n sImSnb Zmcn{Zhpw £mahpw s]m«n¸pds¸«p. CtX¯pSÀ¶p `£yhkvXp¡Ä IqSpX DXv]mZn¸n¡m³ Blzm\apWvSmbn. t{Km tamÀ ^pUv ]²Xnb\pkcn¨p Xcnip\ne§fnseÃmw Irjnbnd¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ \nÀtZiw \ÂIn. A¡me¯p Ip«\mS³ | |
| | X®oÀap¡w; th¼\mSnsâ Igp¯nse IbÀ |  ]c¼cmKX Ip«\mS³ IÀjI\mbncp¶p CÃn¡fw Ahdm¨³ F¶ tPm¬ G{_lmw. IpacIw kztZin. 1940Ifn ImbepÄs¸sS G¡dpIW¡n\p ]mSw Irjn sNbvXncp¶ hyàn. ISen\pw Imben\pw ]pgIÄ¡papWvSmIp¶ amäw ap³Iq«n IWvSdnªp Irjnbnd¡m³ Ig | |
| | ]p¯³ IrjncoXnbn ]Xnbncp¶Xv A]ISw |  C´ybn lcnXhn¹hw {]Npc{]Nmcw t\Snb Imew. AXypXv]mZ\ tijnbpÅ hn¯pIÄ \nch[n ]pd¯nd§n. ]pXnb hn¯n\§fpsS hnfhp IWvSp IÀjIÀ Bthi`cnXcmbn. ]c¼cmKX hn¯pIÄ ]g©\mbn. 1960IfnepWvSmb tZiob ImÀjnI hnIk\ ]²Xnbn t | |
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