hocknwlw

kntPm ss]\mS¯v

kn\na F¶ \nebn ]gincmPsb CcpssIbpw \o«n kzoIcn¨ B[p\nIaebmfn tIcf¯nsâ hocknwlsa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ tIcfhÀ½ ]gincmPbpsS bYmÀY PohnXs¯bpw kw`mh\Isfbpw ASp¯dnbm³ {ian¨n«ptWvSm F¶Xv Nn´\obamWv. HmkvIÀ ]cnthjapÅ tUmÄ_n kduWvSv iЯnsâ ]©m¯e¯n A{`]mfnbn a½p«n hmsfSp¯p hoipt¼mÄ ssIbSn¨hÀ ]gincmP hmsfSp¯Xpw h[n¡s¸«XpsaÃmw F´n\pthWvSnbmbncp¶psh¶v hmWnPykn\nabsS tNcphbnÃmsX At\zjWw \St¯WvSXpWvSv.

]gincmP F¶ kn\nasb aebmfn BtLmjn¨psImWvSncn¡pIbmWv. a½p«n F¶ {]Xn`bpsS A{`]mfnbnse Akmam\y {]IS\§fpw aebmfkn\na¡p A]qÀÆm\p`hamb ]p¯³ kmt¦XnI¯nIhpIfpw ka\zbn¡p¶ ]gincmP ImWm¯hÀ hncfw. Xnbädnse¯pw apt¼ {]Xo£bpsS D¶Xnbnse¯nb kn\na B {]Xo£IÄ sXäsöp sXfnbn¨XmbmWv dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ. kn\nabn a½p«nbmtWm AtXm icXvIpamdmtWm icn¡pw hneknbsX¶Xns\¡pdn¨p Hcp hn`mKw Bcm[IÀ¡nSbn \nÀWmbIaÃm¯ XÀ¡§Ä \ne\n¡p¶sXmgn¨m ]gincmPm icn¡pw cmPIobambn¯s¶ apt¶dpIbmWs{X. A¯cw XÀ¡§Ä ^m³kpImcpsS ]Xnhp \¼dpIfmsW¶mWvv s]mXphnebncp¯Â.

A§s\ ]gincmP kn\namt{]anIfpsSsb¶ t]mse aäpÅhcpsSbpw {]nbs¸«Xmbn¡gnªp. Nn{X¯nsâ \nIpXnbn Cfhphcp¯n kÀ¡mcpw Cu henb knanabpsS BtLmj¯n ]s¦Sp¯p. tKmh³ Ne¨n{Xtaf Xgsª¦nepw Cu lcnlc³ Nn{X¯n\p thWvSn tImSXnhsc t]mbn hmZn¡m³ BfpWvSmsb¶Xv \nkmcImcyaÃ. kn\na F¶ \nebn ]gincmPsb CcpssIbpw \o«n kzoIcn¨ B[p\nIaebmfn tIcf¯nsâ hocknwlsa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ tIcfhÀ½ ]gincmPbpsS bYmÀY PohnXs¯bpw kw`mh\Isfbpw ASp¯dnbm³ {ian¨n«ptWvSm F¶Xv Nn´\obamWv. HmkvIÀ ]cnthjapÅ tUmÄ_n kduWvSv iЯnsâ ]©m¯e¯n a½p«n hmsfSp¯p hoipt¼mÄ ssIbSn¨hÀ ]gincmP hmsfSp¯Xpw h[n¡s¸«XpsaÃmw F´n\pthWvSnbmbncp¶psh¶v hmWnPykn\nabsS tNcphbnÃmsX At\zjWw \St¯WvSXpWvSv.

Xe¡Â N´p

]gincmPbsS t\XrXz¯nepÅ IpdnNy¸SbpsS Xeh\mbncp¶p Xe¡Â N´p. Hfnt¸mcpIfpambn _Ôs¸«mWv Xe¡Â N´phns\ Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. {_n«ojv ]«mfhpambn N´p \S¯nb Hmfnt¸mcpIÄ {it²bamWv. 1805 {_n«ojv ssk\y¯nsâ ]nSnbnemb N´phns\ B hÀjw \hw_À ]Xn\©n\p Xq¡nteän. ae_mdn Xe¡Â N´phnsâ HmÀ½ \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn\v At±l¯nsâ kvamcIambn hÀjw tXmdpw As¼bv¯paÕcw \S¯p¶pWvSvv. ]gincmPNn{X¯n at\mPv sI.Pb\mWv Xe¡Â N´phnsâ thjw AhXcn¸n¨Xv.

hn¹hhgnIfnte¡v

C¶s¯ I®qÀ PnÃbnse Iq¯p]d¼n\Sp¯p \ne\n¶ncp¶ tIm«bw cmPhwi¯n 1753 embncp¶p tIcfhÀ½ ]gincmPbpsS P\\w. ]pcfoizc·mÀ F¶pw Cu cmPhwis¯ hnfn¨ncp¶Xmbn tIcf Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶p. hb\mS³ ae\ncIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ ae_mÀ {]tZiw A¡me¯pw ae©c¡pIÄ¡pw kpKÔhyÚ\§Ä¡pw t]cptI«ncp¶p. kzm`mhnIambpw A¯cw AaqeyhkvXp¡fpsS Iehdbnte¡v hntZinbpsS I®p ]Xn¨p. hntZinIfpsS hchns\bpw ta[mhnXzw Øm]n¡m\pÅ {iat¯bpw ^e{]Zambn sNdp¡m³ A¶s¯ \m«pcmPm¡³amÀ¡mbÃ.

{_n«ojv CuÌv C´y¡p I¸w sImSp¡m³ \nÀ_ÔnXcmb ChnSps¯ P\§fpsS ZpcnX§Ä ImWm³ A¶s¯ {]mtZinI `cWm[nImcnIÄ¡mÀ¡pw BbnÃ. Ahcn ]ecpw CuÌv C´y I¼\nsb clkyambn klmbn¡p¶hcpambncp¶p. A¯csamcp kmlNcy¯nemWv tIcfhÀ½ ]gincmPbpsS hchvv. NqjWw sN¿s¸« ae_mdnse P\§Ä ]ginbpsS t\XrXz¯n kwLSnXiànbmbn. P\§fn Bßm`nam\w DWÀ¯p¶Xn ]gin hnPbn¨p. ]nd¶ \m«n kzmX{´yt¯msSbpw A`nam\t¯msSbpw Pohn¡m\pÅ AhImi¯n\p thWvSn AhÀ XymK§Ä kln¨pw ]gincmP sXfn¨ hgnbneqsS \S¡m³ kÖcmbn¡gnªncp¶p.

kqcy\kvXan¡m¯ km{amPyiànIÄs¡Xnsc ]Ss]mcpXm³ P\§Ä hb\mS³ Ip¶pIfnse Hfnkt¦X§fn Bbp[]cnioe\w t\Sn. t\cn«pÅ t]mcm«¯n\pÅ Bbp[_epw AwK_ehpw Ipdhmbncp¶Xn\m Hfnbp²¯nsâ ]mT§fmWv AhÀ {][m\ambpw A`ykn¨Xv. Xe¡Â N´phmbncp¶p ]gincmPbpsS {][m\ ssk\ym[n]³. I®h¯v i¦c³ \¼ymÀ, ]ÅqÀ Ga³ \mbÀ, FSt¨\ Ip¦³ \mbÀ F¶nhÀ a{´namcmbncp¶p. FS¯\ Ip¦³, FSt¨\ HtX\³, A¯³ Ipcp¡Ä, D®naqk, Ffw_nemÀ Ipª³ XpS§nbhscÃmw ]ginbpsS ]Sbnse {][m\nIfmbncp¶p. 1793 CuÌv C´y I¼\nbpsS ae_mÀ taÂt\m«¡mc\mbn NpaXetbä ^mÀaÀ kmbv]mWv ]gincmPsb AÂ]sa¦nepw AwKoIcn¡m³ XbmdmbXv.

IpäymSn, Xmacticn, IXncqÀ XpS§nb {]tZi§Ä ]ginbpsS t\XrXz¯nepÅ `cW¯n\p hn«psImSp¯p. F¶m XpSÀs¶¯nbhscm¶pw ]ginsb AwKoIcn¡m³ XbmdmbnÃ. {iocwK]«W¯ph¨pWvSm¡nb kÔnb\pkcn¨v ae_mdnsâ apgph³ `cWmhImiw CuÌv C´y I¼\n¡msb¶mbncp¶p I¼\n¡mcpsS hmZw. Cu kÔn ewLn¡p¶Xv cmPyt{Zml¡päamsW¶v 1795 I¼\n hnfw_cw Cd¡n. XpSÀ¶v hnhn[ CS§fnembn \S¶ B{IaW§fn ]ginbpsS ssk\yw I¼\n]«mfs¯ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. amXr`qanbpsS kzmX{´y¯n\p thWvSn ZrV]XnÚsbpSp¯v ià\mbn apt¶dnb ]ginsb IogS¡m³ I¼\nbpsS ]«mfiàn¡mbncp¶nÃ. At±l¯nsâ Bbp[_et¯¡mÄ BßhocyamWv I¼\nsb XfÀ¯nbXv.

acWw hsc t]mcm«w

]gintbmSpÅ t]mcv Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶XmWp _p²nsb¶ L«¯nse¯nbt¸mgmWv NXn{]tbmK¯nte¡p I¼\n IS¶Xv. ]ginsb HäpsImSp¡mm³ Xbmdmb GXm\pw t]sc I¼\nXs¶ IsWvS¯n. 1805 \hw_À 29\v cm{Xnbn HäpImcn \n¶p e`n¨ hnhca\pkcn¨v ]p¸Ån Im«n hn{ian¡pIbmbncp¶ ]gintbbpw Iq«tcbpw B{Ian¨p. A{]Xo£nXambpWvSmb B{IaWs¯ sNdp¡m³ ]gin¡mbnÃ. ]pecpw hsc \oWvS B{IaW§Äs¡mSphn ap¸Xn\p ]peÀs¨ {_n«ojv ssk\y¯nsâ shSntbäp ]gincmP acn¨p. Ahkm\ambn {_n«ojv ssk\yt¯mSp hnfn¨p]dªXpw tZikvt\lw apäp¶ hm¡pIÄ. Fs¶ sXm«ip²am¡mcpXv F¶mbncp¶p kmbn¸nsâ ]«mft¯mSv ]gincmP hnfn¨p]dªXv. ]ntä¶v cmPIob_lpaXntbmsSbmWv ]gincmPbpsS arXtZlw kwkvIcn¨Xv.

\½psS kvIqÄ ]mT]pkvXI§Ä ]gincmPsb thWvS {]m[m\yt¯msS IWvSnsö Btcm]Ww iàamWv. GXmbmepw kn\nabneqsSsb¦nepw ]ginsb ]pXnb aebmfn¡p sNdpXmbns«¦nepw ]cnNs¸Sp¯m³ Bsb¶Xv sNdnb ImcyaÃ. Cu Ncn{X kn\na ]gincmPsbbpw A¯c¯n ]cnKW\bpw ]T\hpw AÀln¡p¶hscbpw IqSpX Adnbm\pw Adnbn¡m\papÅ HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶nS¯mWv aebmf¯nsâ Ncn{X\oXn.